Independent FTCE Earth/Space Science 6-12 Study Guide

• ▸ Choosing Your Timeline, Four Weeks, Eight Weeks, or a Custom Pace
• ▸ Reading the Official Candidate Handbook, What to Verify Before You Study
• ▸ Studying Purposefully, Read, Summarize, Connect, and Retrieve from Each Chapter
• ▸ Building Your Competency Checklist and Error Log for Efficient Review

• ▸ Formulating Hypotheses and Designing Controlled Experiments with Field and Lab Safety
• ▸ Measuring with Care, Accuracy, Precision, Uncertainty, and Significant Figures
• ▸ Reading Graphs, Maps, and Data Tables for Earth and Space Trends
• ▸ Building and Revising Scientific Models for Dynamic Earth Systems
• ▸ Evaluating Sources, Claims, and Uncertainty in Earth and Space Data

• ▸ Identifying Minerals with Physical Properties, Hardness, Luster, Cleavage, and Streak
• ▸ Classifying Igneous Rocks by Composition and Cooling History
• ▸ Sorting Sedimentary Rocks, Clastic, Chemical, Organic, and Their Environments
• ▸ Recognizing Metamorphic Rocks and Their Parent Rock Transformations
• ▸ Tracing the Rock Cycle in Florida's Limestone and Phosphate Deposits

• ▸ Using Seismic Waves to Map Earth's Layered Interior and Heat Flow
• ▸ Evaluating the Evidence for Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection
• ▸ Working Through Plate Boundary Scenarios, Divergent, Convergent, and Transform
• ▸ Decoding Earthquakes, Faults, Seismic Waves, and Magnitude Scales
• ▸ Connecting Volcanoes and Mountain Building to Tectonic Settings

• ▸ Mechanical and Chemical Weathering, Processes, Rates, and Products
• ▸ From Bedrock to Soil, Regolith, Horizons, Texture, and Fertility
• ▸ Fluvial Landscapes, Streamflow, Drainage Basins, Floodplains, and Deltas
• ▸ Glacial and Aeolian Processes, Ice Flow, Loess, Dunes, and Sediment Records
• ▸ Mass Wasting on Slopes, Creep, Flows, Slides, and Rockfalls

• ▸ Applying Stratigraphic Laws, Superposition, Original Horizontality, and Cross-Cutting Relations
• ▸ Reading Gaps in Time, Unconformities and Their Geologic Meaning
• ▸ Radioactive Decay and Absolute Dating, Half-Lives, Isotope Systems, and Limits
• ▸ Assembling the Geologic Time Scale, Major Eons, Eras, Periods, and Events
• ▸ Correlating Rock Layers and Fossils Across Florida and Beyond

• ▸ The Water Cycle and Freshwater Storage, Fluxes, Residence Times, and Budgets
• ▸ Surface Water Systems, Stream Flow, Lakes, Wetlands, and Watersheds
• ▸ Groundwater in Motion, Porosity, Permeability, Aquifers, and Confining Layers
• ▸ Karst Hydrogeology and Florida's Sinkholes, Caves, and Springs
• ▸ Groundwater Quality Threats, Contamination, Overdraft, and Saltwater Intrusion

• ▸ Seawater Chemistry and Physical Properties, Salinity, Temperature, Density, and Gases
• ▸ Ocean Circulation, Surface Currents, Thermohaline Flow, Upwelling, and Downwelling
• ▸ Waves and Tides, Water Motion, Coastal Erosion, and Flooding Hazards
• ▸ Coastal Landforms and Habitats, Beaches, Barrier Islands, Estuaries, and Wetlands
• ▸ Florida's Marine Environment, Reefs, Seagrass Beds, and Shoreline Management

• ▸ Atmospheric Composition and Vertical Structure, Temperature Inversions and Pressure Layers
• ▸ Solar Radiation, Heat Transfer, and the Global Energy Budget
• ▸ Pressure Gradients, Coriolis Force, and Planetary Wind Belts
• ▸ Humidity, Cloud Formation, and Precipitation Mechanisms
• ▸ Air Masses, Fronts, and Midlatitude Cyclones

• ▸ Thunderstorm and Tornado Formation, Instability, Wind Shear, and Storm Structure
• ▸ Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones, Warm Ocean Water, Life Cycle, and Storm Surge
• ▸ Global Climate Controls, Latitude, Ocean Currents, and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation
• ▸ Evidence and Mechanisms of Human-Caused Climate Change
• ▸ Florida's Climate Risks and Adaptation, Heat, Drought, and Sea-Level Rise

• ▸ Earth's Rotation and Revolution, Time Zones, the Calendar, and Orbital Geometry
• ▸ How Axial Tilt Produces the Seasons, Insolation Angle, Solstices, and Equinoxes
• ▸ Moon Phases and the Lunar Orbital Cycle, Waxing, Waning, and Monthly Rhythm
• ▸ Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Alignment Conditions, Types, and Observing Basics

• ▸ Solar System Inventory, Terrestrial Planets, Jovian Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Small Bodies
• ▸ Gravity in Action, Kepler's Laws, Orbital Motion, and Spacecraft Trajectories
• ▸ The Sun as a Star, Structure, Nuclear Fusion, Sunspots, and Space Weather
• ▸ Stellar Life Cycles, Protostars, Main Sequence, Giants, Supernovae, and Compact Remnants
• ▸ Galaxies and the Expanding Universe, Classification, Redshift, and the Big Bang
• ▸ Space Exploration, Launch Systems, Robotic Probes, and Florida's Space Industry

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